Notebookcheck Logo

AMD Ryzen 3 2200U vs Intel Core i5-7360U vs Intel Pentium Gold 4415Y

AMD Ryzen 3 2200U

► remove from comparison

The AMD Ryzen 3 2200U is a mobile APU for thin and light laptops that was announced in October 2017. It includes two Zen cores clocked at 2.5 to 3.4 GHz and offers SMT (four threads at once) and 4 MB L3-Cache. The integrated graphics card is called Radeon RX Vega 3 and offers only 3 CUs (192 Shaders) clocked at up to 1000 MHz. The TDP is configurable between 12 and 25 Watt (15 Watt nominal).

More information on Raven Ridge can be found in our launch article.

Intel Core i5-7360U

► remove from comparison

The Intel Core i5-7360U is a fast dual-core SoC for notebooks and Ultrabooks based on the Kaby Lake architecture and was announced in January 2017. The CPU has two processor cores clocked at 2.3-3.6 GHz (two cores also up to 3.6 GHz). The processor can execute up to four threads simultaneously thanks to Hyper Threading. It is also equipped with an Intel Iris Plus Graphics 640 GPU with 64 MB eDRAM, a dual-channel memory controller (DDR4) as well as VP9 and H.265 video decoding as well as encoding. The chip is still manufactured in a 14nm process with FinFET transistors.

Compared to the Core i7-7560U, the i5-7360 does have lower CPU and GPU clocks.

Architecture

Intel basically uses the same micro architecture compared to Skylake, so the per-MHz performance does not differ. The manufacturer only reworked the Speed Shift technology for faster dynamic adjustments of voltages and clocks, and the improved 14nm process allows much higher frequencies combined with better efficiency than before.

Performance

At 2.3-3.6 GHz, the Core i5-7360U has a slightly lower base frequency but higher Turbo clocks compared to the Core i5-7300U and is therefore faster. The CPU part can also use the 64 MB eDRAM, which should increase the performance in some scenarios.

Graphics

The integrated Intel Iris Plus 640 Graphics is the GT3e model of the Kaby Lake GPU (Intel Gen. 9.5). It has 48 Execution Units running at 300-1000 MHz (i7 models up to 1050 MHz) and the performance is comparable to a GeForce 920MX thanks to fast eDRAM cache. However, there aren't any significant improvements compared to the old Iris Pro 540, so modern games can often not be played smoothly or only at the lowest or medium settings, respectively.

Contrary to Skylake, Kaby lake now also supports H.265/HEVC Main 10 with a 10-bit color depth as well as Google's VP9 codec. The dual-core Kaby Lake processors announced in January should also support HDCP 2.2.

Power Consumption

The chip is manufactured in an improved 14nm process with FinFET transistors, which improves the efficiency even further. Intel still specifies the TDP with 15 Watts, which is typical for ULV chips. Depending on the usage scenario, the TDP can vary between 7.5 (cTDP Down) and 25 Watts.

Intel Pentium Gold 4415Y

► remove from comparison Intel Pentium 4415Y

The Intel Pentium 4415Y is a low power entry level processor for small laptops or tablets and based on the Kaby Lake architecture. It was announced in Q2 2017 and offers two processor cores clocked at 1.6 GHz (no Turbo Boost). Thanks to Hyper Threading, the processor can execute up to four threads simultaneously. The chips also includes the Intel HD Graphics 615 GPU, a dual-channel memory controller (DDR3L/LPDDR3) as well as VP9 and H.265 video de- and encoder. It is still produced in a 14 nm process with FinFET transistors. Compared to the much faster Core m3-7Y30, the Pentium 4415 offers no Turbo Boost, different CPU and GPU clock speeds, a smaller L3 cache and a higher TDP of 6 Watt.

Architecture

Intel basically used the familiar micro architecture from the Skylake generation, so the per-MHz performance is identical. Only the Speed-Shift technology for faster dynamic adjustments of the voltages and clocks was improved, and the matured 14 nm process now also enables much higher frequencies and better efficiency than before. 

Performance

Due to the missing Turbo Boost, the Pentium 4415Y offers a significantly worse single thread performance than the more expensive Core m3-7Y30. This should be noticeable in daily tasks.

Graphics

The integrated Intel HD Graphics 615 GPU has 24 Execution Units (EUs) like the old HD Graphics 515 and runs with clocks between 300 and 850 MHz in combination with this processor. The performance heavily depends on the TDP limit as well as the memory configuration; with fast LPDDR3-1866 RAM in dual-channel mode, the GPU should sometimes be able to compete with the HD Graphics 520, but can also be much slower in other scenarios. Modern games from 2016 will, if at all, only run smoothly in the lowest settings.

Contrary to Skylake, Kaby Lake now also supports hardware decoding for H.265/HEVC Main10 with a 10-bit color depth as well as Google's VP9 codec.

Power Consumption

The chip is manufactured in an improved 14 nm process with FinFET transistors, so the power efficiency was once again improved significantly. The TDP is rated at 6 Watt and can be reduced to 4,5 Watt (cTDP down).

ModelAMD Ryzen 3 2200UIntel Core i5-7360UIntel Pentium Gold 4415Y
SeriesAMD Raven Ridge (Ryzen 2000 APU)Intel Kaby LakeIntel Kaby Lake
CodenameZenKaby LakeKaby Lake
Series: Kaby Lake Kaby Lake
AMD Ryzen 5 2400G3.6 - 3.9 GHz4 / 8 cores4 MB L3
AMD Ryzen 7 2700U2.2 - 3.8 GHz4 / 8 cores4 MB L3
AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 2700U2.2 - 3.8 GHz4 / 8 cores4 MB L3
AMD Ryzen 3 2200G3.5 - 3.7 GHz4 / 4 cores4 MB L3
AMD Ryzen 5 2600H3.2 - 3.6 GHz4 / 8 cores4 MB L3
AMD Ryzen 5 2500U2 - 3.6 GHz4 / 8 cores4 MB L3
AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 2500U2 - 3.6 GHz4 / 8 cores4 MB L3
AMD Ryzen Embedded V1605B2 - 3.6 GHz4 / 8 cores4 MB L3
AMD Ryzen 3 2300U2 - 3.4 GHz4 / 4 cores4 MB L3
AMD Ryzen 3 PRO 2300U2 - 3.4 GHz4 / 4 cores4 MB L3
AMD Ryzen Embedded R1606G2.6 - 3.5 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
AMD Ryzen 3 2200U « 2.5 - 3.4 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
AMD Ryzen 3 PRO 2200U2.5 - 3.4 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
AMD Ryzen Embedded R1505G2.4 - 3.3 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
AMD Athlon 300U2.4 - 3.3 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7700K4.2 - 4.5 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-77003.6 - 4.2 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Xeon E3-1535M v63.1 - 4.2 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7920HQ3.1 - 4.1 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7700T2.9 - 3.8 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7600K3.8 - 4.2 GHz4 / 4 cores8 MB L3
Intel Xeon E3-1505M v63 - 4 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7820HQ2.9 - 3.9 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7820HK2.9 - 3.9 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7700HQ2.8 - 3.8 GHz4 / 8 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i5-75003.4 - 3.8 GHz4 / 4 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7440HQ2.8 - 3.8 GHz4 / 4 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7567U3.5 - 4 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7660U2.5 - 4 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7600U2.8 - 3.9 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7300HQ2.5 - 3.5 GHz4 / 4 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7500T2.7 - 3.3 GHz4 / 4 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7287U3.3 - 3.7 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7560U2.4 - 3.8 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7267U3.1 - 3.5 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7360U « 2.3 - 3.6 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7500U2.7 - 3.5 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7300U2.6 - 3.5 GHz2 / 4 cores3 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7260U2.2 - 3.4 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7200U2.5 - 3.1 GHz2 / 4 cores3 MB L3
Intel Core i3-7100H3 GHz2 / 4 cores3 MB L3
Intel Core i3-7167U2.8 GHz2 / 4 cores3 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7Y751.3 - 3.6 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7Y571.2 - 3.3 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7Y541.2 - 3.2 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i3-7100U2.4 GHz2 / 4 cores3 MB L3
Intel Core m3-7Y321 - 3 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Pentium Gold 4415U2.3 GHz2 / 4 cores2 MB L3
Intel Core m3-7Y301 - 2.6 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Celeron 3965U2.2 GHz2 / 2 cores2 MB L3
Intel Core i3-7020U2.3 GHz2 / 4 cores3 MB L3
Intel Celeron 3867U1.8 GHz2 / 2 cores2 MB L3
Intel Celeron 3865U1.8 GHz2 / 2 cores2 MB L3
Intel Pentium Gold 4425Y1.7 GHz2 / 4 cores2 MB L3
Intel Pentium Gold 4415Y1.6 GHz2 / 4 cores2 MB L3
Intel Pentium Gold 4410Y1.5 GHz2 / 4 cores2 MB L3
Intel Celeron 3965Y1.5 GHz2 / 2 cores2 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7700K4.2 - 4.5 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-77003.6 - 4.2 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Xeon E3-1535M v63.1 - 4.2 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7920HQ3.1 - 4.1 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7700T2.9 - 3.8 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7600K3.8 - 4.2 GHz4 / 4 cores8 MB L3
Intel Xeon E3-1505M v63 - 4 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7820HQ2.9 - 3.9 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7820HK2.9 - 3.9 GHz4 / 8 cores8 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7700HQ2.8 - 3.8 GHz4 / 8 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i5-75003.4 - 3.8 GHz4 / 4 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7440HQ2.8 - 3.8 GHz4 / 4 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7567U3.5 - 4 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7660U2.5 - 4 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7600U2.8 - 3.9 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7300HQ2.5 - 3.5 GHz4 / 4 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7500T2.7 - 3.3 GHz4 / 4 cores6 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7287U3.3 - 3.7 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7560U2.4 - 3.8 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7267U3.1 - 3.5 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7360U2.3 - 3.6 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7500U2.7 - 3.5 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7300U2.6 - 3.5 GHz2 / 4 cores3 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7260U2.2 - 3.4 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7200U2.5 - 3.1 GHz2 / 4 cores3 MB L3
Intel Core i3-7100H3 GHz2 / 4 cores3 MB L3
Intel Core i3-7167U2.8 GHz2 / 4 cores3 MB L3
Intel Core i7-7Y751.3 - 3.6 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7Y571.2 - 3.3 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i5-7Y541.2 - 3.2 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Core i3-7100U2.4 GHz2 / 4 cores3 MB L3
Intel Core m3-7Y321 - 3 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Pentium Gold 4415U2.3 GHz2 / 4 cores2 MB L3
Intel Core m3-7Y301 - 2.6 GHz2 / 4 cores4 MB L3
Intel Celeron 3965U2.2 GHz2 / 2 cores2 MB L3
Intel Core i3-7020U2.3 GHz2 / 4 cores3 MB L3
Intel Celeron 3867U1.8 GHz2 / 2 cores2 MB L3
Intel Celeron 3865U1.8 GHz2 / 2 cores2 MB L3
Intel Pentium Gold 4425Y1.7 GHz2 / 4 cores2 MB L3
Intel Pentium Gold 4415Y « 1.6 GHz2 / 4 cores2 MB L3
Intel Pentium Gold 4410Y1.5 GHz2 / 4 cores2 MB L3
Intel Celeron 3965Y1.5 GHz2 / 2 cores2 MB L3
Clock2500 - 3400 MHz2300 - 3600 MHz1600 MHz
L1 Cache192 KB128 KB128 KB
L2 Cache1 MB512 KB512 KB
L3 Cache4 MB4 MB2 MB
Cores / Threads2 / 42 / 42 / 4
TDP15 Watt15 Watt6 Watt
Transistors4500 Million
Technology14 nm14 nm14 nm
SocketAM4BGA1356FCBGA1515
FeaturesXFR, FMA3, SSE 4.2, AVX2, SMTDual-Channel DDR4 Memory Controller, HyperThreading, AVX, AVX2, Quick Sync, Virtualization, AES-NIDual-Channel DDR3L-1600/LPDDR3-1866 Memory Controller, HyperThreading, AVX, AVX2, Quick Sync, Virtualization, AES-NI, TXT
iGPUAMD Radeon RX Vega 3 ( - 1000 MHz)Intel Iris Plus Graphics 640 (300 - 1000 MHz)Intel HD Graphics 615 (300 - 850 MHz)
Architecturex86x86x86
Announced
max. Temp.100 °C100 °C
$304 U.S.$161 U.S.
Manufacturerark.intel.comark.intel.com

Benchmarks

Cinebench R15 - Cinebench R15 CPU Multi 64 Bit
min: 275     avg: 311.8     median: 312 (2%)     max: 348 Points
min: 346     avg: 354     median: 354 (2%)     max: 362 Points
164 Points (1%)
Cinebench R15 - Cinebench R15 CPU Single 64 Bit
min: 105     avg: 116.8     median: 117 (35%)     max: 128 Points
min: 140     avg: 142.5     median: 142.5 (43%)     max: 145 Points
65 Points (20%)
Cinebench R11.5 - Cinebench R11.5 CPU Multi 64 Bit
min: 2.68     avg: 3     median: 3 (4%)     max: 3.29 Points
3.9 Points (5%)
1.8 Points (2%)
Cinebench R11.5 - Cinebench R11.5 CPU Single 64 Bit
min: 0.85     avg: 1.1     median: 1.1 (28%)     max: 1.44 Points
1.7 Points (42%)
0.8 Points (19%)
Cinebench R10 - Cinebench R10 Rend. Single (32bit)
min: 3729     avg: 3978     median: 3977.5 (24%)     max: 4226 Points
5787 Points (35%)
2521 Points (15%)
Cinebench R10 - Cinebench R10 Rend. Multi (32bit)
min: 6745     avg: 7776     median: 7775.5 (6%)     max: 8806 Points
12293 Points (9%)
5586 Points (4%)
Cinebench R10 - Cinebench R10 Rend. Multi (64bit)
7213 Points (5%)
Cinebench R10 - Cinebench R10 Rend. Single (64bit)
3264 Points (4%)
wPrime 2.10 - wPrime 2.0 1024m *
459.3 s (5%)
499.7 s (6%)
982 s (12%)
wPrime 2.10 - wPrime 2.0 32m *
14.3 s (3%)
14.8 s (3%)
31.1 s (6%)
WinRAR - WinRAR 4.0
min: 1436     avg: 1545     median: 1545 (2%)     max: 1654 Points
3404 Points (5%)
1455 Points (2%)
X264 HD Benchmark 4.0 - x264 Pass 2
17.8 fps (6%)
22.1 fps (8%)
11 fps (4%)
X264 HD Benchmark 4.0 - x264 Pass 1
92 fps (21%)
121.1 fps (28%)
58.3 fps (13%)
HWBOT x265 Benchmark v2.2 - HWBOT x265 4k Preset
1.1 fps (2%)
TrueCrypt - TrueCrypt Serpent
min: 0.201     avg: 0.2     median: 0.2 (0%)     max: 0.22 GB/s
0.2 GB/s (0%)
0 GB/s (0%)
TrueCrypt - TrueCrypt Twofish
min: 0.285     avg: 0.3     median: 0.3 (6%)     max: 0.355 GB/s
0.4 GB/s (7%)
0 GB/s (0%)
TrueCrypt - TrueCrypt AES
min: 2     avg: 2.1     median: 2.1 (5%)     max: 2.2 GB/s
2.2 GB/s (6%)
0.1 GB/s (0%)
3DMark 06 - CPU - 3DMark 06 - CPU
min: 3006     avg: 3387     median: 3386.5 (7%)     max: 3767 Points
Super Pi mod 1.5 XS 1M - Super Pi mod 1.5 XS 1M *
min: 12.96     avg: 13     median: 13 (3%)     max: 13 s
10 s (2%)
16.3 s (4%)
Super Pi mod 1.5 XS 2M - Super Pi mod 1.5 XS 2M *
min: 29.71     avg: 30.9     median: 30.9 (1%)     max: 32 s
23 s (1%)
35.9 s (2%)
Super Pi Mod 1.5 XS 32M - Super Pi mod 1.5 XS 32M *
min: 750     avg: 757     median: 756.5 (3%)     max: 763 s
528 s (2%)
1240 s (6%)
3DMark Vantage - 3DM Vant. Perf. CPU no Physx
min: 9576     avg: 9917     median: 9916.5 (9%)     max: 10257 Points
3DMark 11 - 3DM11 Performance Physics
min: 2831     avg: 3344     median: 3327 (9%)     max: 3873 Points
5036 Points (14%)
2319 Points (6%)
3DMark - 3DMark Ice Storm Physics
43616 Points (35%)
20028 Points (16%)
3DMark - 3DMark Ice Storm Extreme Physics
43415 Points (35%)
19576 Points (16%)
3DMark - 3DMark Ice Storm Unlimited Physics
min: 36120     avg: 42472     median: 42471.5 (36%)     max: 48823 Points
52597 Points (44%)
20366 Points (17%)
3DMark - 3DMark Cloud Gate Physics
min: 2206     avg: 2687     median: 2716 (7%)     max: 3140 Points
3986 Points (10%)
1836 Points (5%)
3DMark - 3DMark Fire Strike Standard Physics
min: 4073     avg: 4412     median: 4571 (8%)     max: 4591 Points
5933 Points (11%)
2541 Points (5%)
3DMark - 3DMark Time Spy CPU
1310 Points (6%)
1859 Points (8%)
Geekbench 5.5 - Geekbench 5.1 - 5.4 64 Bit Single-Core
667 Points (28%)
Geekbench 5.5 - Geekbench 5.1 - 5.4 64 Bit Multi-Core
1267 Points (2%)
Geekbench 4.4 - Geekbench 4.1 - 4.4 64 Bit Single-Core
3583 Points (36%)
Geekbench 4.4 - Geekbench 4.1 - 4.4 64 Bit Multi-Core
6937 Points (8%)
Geekbench 4.0 - Geekbench 4.0 64 Bit Single-Core
3459 Points (47%)
Geekbench 4.0 - Geekbench 4.0 64 Bit Multi-Core
6644 Points (16%)
Geekbench 3 - Geekbench 3 32 Bit Multi-Core
min: 6766     avg: 6827     median: 6826.5 (12%)     max: 6887 Points
7963 Points (14%)
Geekbench 3 - Geekbench 3 32 Bit Single-Core
min: 2898     avg: 2925     median: 2925 (57%)     max: 2952 Points
3643 Points (71%)
Geekbench 3 - Geekbench 3 64 Bit Multi-Core
min: 7169     avg: 7279     median: 7279 (11%)     max: 7389 Points
8265 Points (13%)
Geekbench 3 - Geekbench 3 64 Bit Single-Core
min: 3163     avg: 3190     median: 3190 (48%)     max: 3217 Points
3816 Points (57%)
Geekbench 2 - 32 Bit - Geekbench Stream
7302 Points (59%)
Geekbench 2 - 32 Bit - Geekbench Memory
5378 Points (49%)
Geekbench 2 - 32 Bit - Geekbench Floating Point
8741 Points (17%)
Geekbench 2 - 32 Bit - Geekbench Integer
7307 Points (15%)
Geekbench 2 - 32 Bit - Geekbench Total Score
7422 Points (19%)
Mozilla Kraken 1.1 - Kraken 1.1 Total Score *
min: 1396     avg: 1688     median: 1687.5 (2%)     max: 1979 ms
797 ms (1%)
3077 ms (4%)
Sunspider - Sunspider 1.0 Total Score *
115.9 ms (1%)
111.4 ms (1%)
Octane V2 - Octane V2 Total Score
min: 20430     avg: 22930     median: 22930 (21%)     max: 25430 Points
40415 Points (36%)
11875 Points (11%)
Power Consumption - Prime95 Power Consumption - external Monitor *
25.5 Watt (4%)
42.1 Watt (7%)
Power Consumption - Cinebench R15 Multi Power Consumption - external Monitor *
24 Watt (4%)
35.7 Watt (7%)
Power Consumption - Cinebench R15 Multi Power Efficiency - external Monitor
12.8 Points per Watt (10%)
10.1 Points per Watt (8%)

Average Benchmarks AMD Ryzen 3 2200U → 100% n=23

Average Benchmarks Intel Core i5-7360U → 128% n=23

Average Benchmarks Intel Pentium Gold 4415Y → 64% n=23

- Range of benchmark values for this graphics card
- Average benchmark values for this graphics card
* Smaller numbers mean a higher performance
1 This benchmark is not used for the average calculation

v1.27
log 15. 23:01:31

#0 checking url part for id 9670 +0s ... 0s

#1 checking url part for id 8449 +0s ... 0s

#2 checking url part for id 9580 +0s ... 0s

#3 not redirecting to Ajax server +0s ... 0s

#4 did not recreate cache, as it is less than 5 days old! Created at Thu, 13 Jun 2024 05:33:43 +0200 +0.001s ... 0.001s

#5 composed specs +0.037s ... 0.038s

#6 did output specs +0s ... 0.038s

#7 getting avg benchmarks for device 9670 +0.003s ... 0.041s

#8 got single benchmarks 9670 +0.025s ... 0.066s

#9 getting avg benchmarks for device 8449 +0.003s ... 0.069s

#10 got single benchmarks 8449 +0.007s ... 0.077s

#11 getting avg benchmarks for device 9580 +0.003s ... 0.08s

#12 got single benchmarks 9580 +0.009s ... 0.089s

#13 got avg benchmarks for devices +0s ... 0.089s

#14 min, max, avg, median took s +0.408s ... 0.497s

#15 return log +0s ... 0.497s

Please share our article, every link counts!
> Expert Reviews and News on Laptops, Smartphones and Tech Innovations > Benchmarks / Tech > Processor Comparison - Head 2 Head
Redaktion, 2017-09- 8 (Update: 2023-07- 1)