US study confirms that electric cars produce less emissions than combustion engines

Researchers at the University of Michigan, School for Environment and Sustainability (SEAS) have carried out a cradle-to-grave analysis that calculates emissions stemming from raw material extraction, manufacturing, use and eventual disposal. 35 combinations of three vehicle classes (pickups, SUVs, sedans) and four drive types (ICEV, HEV, PHEV, BEV) were examined. Driving profiles (highway, urban, mixed use) and regional differences such as climate conditions and power grids were also taken into account.

Over 400,000 data sets evaluated

Over 400,000 data sets on vehicle use and energy consumption were evaluated. For plug-in hybrids, for example, the actual proportion of electricity and gasoline use was modeled. The influence of low temperatures on battery efficiency and differences in the electricity mix – such as coal-based grids versus renewable energies – were also included in calculations.

Electric vehicles produce up to 80% less CO₂ emissions

According to SEAS, gasoline-powered pickup trucks had the highest emissions at around 486 grams of CO₂ equivalent per mile. A hybrid pickup reduced this figure by 23%, while a fully electric pickup reduced it by as much as 75%. Even under load, the advantage remains: with a payload of 2,500 pounds, a BEV (battery electric vehicle) pickup truck produces less than 30% of the emissions of an empty combustion engine pickup truck. Compact electric sedans were the most efficient, producing less than a fifth of the emissions of a gasoline-powered pickup truck, at around 81 grams of CO₂ equivalent per mile.

Electrification and vehicle class are decisive

The study highlights that both the electrification of the powertrain and the choice of vehicle are decisive for determining or lowering carbon footprint. Although larger batteries increase manufacturing emissions, they remain advantageous in the long term, even with the most unfavorable electricity mix, according to SEAS. The researchers also provide an online calculation tool that users can use to determine their individual emissions based on vehicle type, region and driving behavior.

Electric vehicles are the most climate-friendly option

The results clearly show from a technical perspective that electric vehicles are the most climate-friendly option. Choosing smaller vehicle classes also reinforces this advantage. The study thus provides not only scientific confirmation but also practical guidance for policymakers, industry and consumers.